WEEK 12

with

BISMILLAHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM

INTRODUCTION

This is the time when i done with PCB. To install all components in PCB i need to make a holes first but not all components have same leg in size. thus i need use a differences size of driller to make holes then soldering

MAKING HOLE AND SOLDERING THE COMPONENTS

1.0 DRILLING PCB  

To complete the PCB production, fix the board to a piece of wood, drill holes (holes should be at least 0.1 mm bigger than pins/wires), and cut the board to the desired size. i also used varnish spray as a finishing coat. 

the driller is using 12 v supply, 350-550 mA where its using adapter AC / DC

the size of every holes are not same with each others as the components are not same. thus every size of holes i drilled depends on the components leg size

drilling the PCB

1.1 PCB RESUTLS

My PCB ready to install with components

2.0 SOLDERING

before do the soldering, i recheck all connection with multimeter to see either the connection line is connected or not. then i solder all of components as the task (refer to of the project). the soldering tips applied as i want the best result of my project.

soldering the components

finishing with cutting the exceed 

soldering tips

WEEK 11

with

BISMILLAHIRRAHMANIRRAHAIM

INTRODUCTION

In this week i will explain how i did etching for my project's PCB. in order to install all components permanently.thus, i used UV board to custom my board at PCB to sketch the circuit i am using Proteus Ares 7. for sketching the circuit, i think that i dont need to show it as its simple procedure like usING multisim (just take component then put the connection). but for etching, the procedure really rare as student not really use it. so, i will skip to the etching state.

ETCHING

PROCEDURES / METHODS

In my project I used a simple method to build my PCB

The mask is printed on a transparent paper or foil, exposed and developed on the laminate with a UV lamp.

The laminates have a coating that is sensitive to light - by shining a light on them, we can transfer an image of the design to be created onto the board.  Where light strikes the board, the coating weakens and creates an area of copper that will be dissolved away by the etching acid. 

You will need a UV imaging frame and a photo development kit. Follow these steps:

•       Export your PCB layout from Ares using File > Export > Etchable PDF/SVG. If you like, you can now edit and enhance the graphics in a graphics software.
•  Print the file in highest resolution, first on white paper, and when satisfied, on a transparent paper or foil. Be careful to set the printer options to NOT "scale to fit".
•  When printing on foil, use either a special toner or a toner dissolver spray to heighten the density and get the print tone overall even.
• The spray should be used directly after printing, and care should be taken not to cause any drops. After the toner dries, place the foil in the imaging frame, toner side up.
•  Peel the protective blue film off the laminate and place it in the imaging frame copper side down, on top of the transparent film. Make sure not to expose the light-sensitive layer to too much light during the development process.
•       Close the lid of the imaging frame, set the timer for 4 minutes and press the knob to start the exposure.

UV board type

The mask is printed on a transparent paper 

UV scanner

•   Once the imaging process finishes, place the board in the development tank for 1-2 minutes and shake it once in a while (be careful not to leave it too long, otherwise it will damage the traces).
• Place the board in the rinse tank containing destillated water for a few seconds

shack the UV board(board already scan) with sodium till the circuit line come out

Etching

Different machines and chemicals can be used for etching, which will affect the comfort, duration and quality of the result.

Two Acid types that can be used for etching are ferric chloride (Eisen-3-Chlorid) and Sodium Persulfate (Natriumpersulfat - Feinätzkristall).

Although etching can also be done in simple plastic boxes, the quality of the results will improve dramatically when using a machine that controls temperature and constantly keeps the fluids in motion. There are small etching tanks with heating and air pump and there are small spray etching machines which can handle bigger PCBs and even the development and cleaning processes involved.

To get rid of all unwanted copper follow these etching steps:

  Put the board in the acid tank for about 20 minutes until the copper traces are completely etched. You can tell that it's finished when the board turns from opaque pink to transparent yellow

shacking the PCB with the chemical 

the copper is appear

Robbing

Using steel brush to rob the PCB

• If unwanted copper still there, rob the PCB with steel brush till all unwanted copper is clear but beware with the wanted copper
• Dry the board with a cloth.

robbing the PCB

WEEK 10

with

BISMILLAHHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM

INTRODUCTION

This is nearly to final step. Where i tried to test first the circuit as in simulation before install it as permanent in the  real bord. To do so, i used breadbord and testing with 12V battery. In this method i also checked the current and voltage flow inside circuit by using multimeter. The purpose is known the power loss due the current flow, as the power is 

P= IV

P=I^2R

P=V^2/R

CONSTRUCTION THE CIRCUIT ON BREADBOARD

  In this week,  I constructed the circuit on the breadboard that we get at magazine. Then put the component on the breadboard. After that, we test this circuit to see the our project is functioning or not.

overall circuit

at side of the circuit

trouble shoot and measure the circuit using multimeter

circuit testing result using 12 v battery green  indicator is used

circuit testing using breadboard

WEEK 9

with

BISMILLAHHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM

INTRODUCTION

after i done with the simulation and have the results for my project is. I ready to buy the components to make my project come true. the components were bought at jalan pasar,Pudu.

PURCHASE COMPONENTS

Some of the procedure i had did in Jalan Pasar i show bellow. Its start from the components list first

Component list

Buying the components 1

Buying the component 2

Purchasing 9v Battery

The connector

i just put some of the picture in here because the no need to show all of that as i bought as following the list

WEEK 8

with 

BISMILLAHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM

INTRODUCTION

As the theory and practical is combined, i did a simulation on every circuit part and combined it by using Proteus software. But in certain part of the circuit, the simulation cannot function well as it was due like monostable operation and astable operation. This maybe in simulation, the input need to be prisely correct to 2/3 of Vcc to make those circuit operate well. But in practical those circuit working well.

SIMULATION

Proteus v7.6 is a window base is more practical to use to simulate the circuit as its has LDR component inside it. But for taking the measure of either voltage or current the best software is Multisim 2001.
By means, i used two software for this project to be success. Multism to measure the voltage and current while Proteus for circuit operation.

in multisim, only a part by part can do in simulation as its cannot handle larger area of the circuit  (combination circuit)

not every characteristic (by refer tp previous week) can be made in simulation. in this case Schemitt Trigger cannot be done as in simulation, as the current flow is fast (there no error of equipment in simulation)

Whole operation of project using Proteus 7.6

click here to view simulation of whole program

voltage divider in order to use in comparator by using multisim 2001

astable by using multisim 2001

monostable measurement by using multisim 2001

comparator by using multisim 2001

WEEK 7

with 

BISMILLAHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM

INTRODUCTION

In this week, i am analyzing the characteristic from previous week, where in here, i am doing some practical observation and calculation. All the characteristic's behavior with the theory i had referred to my supervisor to ask her explanation. Aided by her, i gain the details all about my circuit work. All the note i add in my log book/ note. Some  pictures of the result i put here to show how i am taking the result.

 THE ANALYSE

In this analyse, the calculation, observation and practical had been made. But not all of the circuit i can made in practical as my equipment are limitation.

COMPARATOR

Below the diagram of the output waveform and the circuit of comparator

The Vol and Voh is taken from data sheet. the data sheet is too large to put in this site
Vref is the Voltage referance where it need to constant in voltage divider while Vin is the Voltage input come from Voltage divider from LDR.
To increase the sensitive value of the circuit, at Vref i put the variable resistor which it can be change the value of  voltage divider.

calculation in log book

MONOSTABLE

Below the diagram of the output waveform and the circuit of monostable

The duration of the pulse is called the time period (T) and this is determined by resistor R1 and capacitor C1

time period , T = 1.1xR1xC1

The maximum reliable time period is about 10 minutes as the capacitor charge to 63% so it bit longer than time sonstant (R1xC1) which time taken charge to 63%

choose C1 first (there are relatively few values available)
choose R1 to give the time period i needed. R1 should be in range 1k ohm to 1M ohm, so the fixed  resistor can of at least 1k ohm in series if R1 is variables
 electrolytic capacitor values are not accurate, errors of at least 20% are common
electrolytic capacitors leak charge which substantially increase the time period if im using high value resistor

ASTABLE

Below the diagram of the output waveform and the circuit of astable

The time period (T) of the square wave is the time for one complete circuit cycle, but usually better to consider frequency (f) which the number of the cycle per second.

for the timer

T= 0.7 x(R1 +2R2) xC1

for the frequency

f= 1.4/ ((R1 +2R2)xC1)

the times periods can be split into two parts T = Tm + Ts

Tm = mark time (output high)

Ts = space time (output low)

choosing  R1, R2 and C1

R1 and R2 should be in the range 1k ohm and 1M ohm. its the best choose C1 first because capacitors are available in just a few values

choose C1 to suit the frequency range i require (by refer the table below)

choose R2 to give frequency (f) i require. Assume that R1 is much smaller than R2 (so that Tm and Ts are almost equal), the use the formula to calculate it

R2 =0.7/fC1

LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENCE RESISTANCE)

Electrical characteristic (table below)

Here the result from my own experiment of LDR by using 12V battery

SCHEMITT TRIGGER

the Schemitt trigger only use a couple transistor as a switch. but in this project i just try two transistor only

WEEK 6

with 

BISMILLAHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM

INTRODUCTION

In this weeks, im doing some study about the circuit of the project and understand as well. By this, i will more understand about how the circuit work. This is methods is needed the knowledge what had i already study from semester 1 till now; from the basic of principles of the components to the components give an effect to the circuit (combination of the circuit).

UNDERSTAND THE MAIN CHARACTERISTIC

In this circuit, there were four of the main characteristic and one the main component

• Comparator
• Monostable
• Schmitt Trigger
• Astable
• LDR (component)

1.0 FOR MAIN CHARACTERISTIC DESCRIPTION 

1.1 Comparator

Use LDR resistance and 4k7 ohm as voltage divider for Tripping voltage (at negative)

For the Reference voltage(at positive), it used a permanent resistor (not adjustable)

V1 > V2, Vo=1

V1< V2,  Vo=0

1.2 Monostable 

Monostable is giving a stable state for a certain time only.

It receive input from comparator at leg 6 for IC 7556.

Monostable circuit is function to avoid the light system is off for a moment when a sudden light coming

1.3 Schemitt Trigger

Circuit has fast change over one state to others state.

In this project we used  1 transistor to produce  this effect. And the second one is an emitter follower.

The circuit will drive to turn on the light

1.4 Astable 

Act as clock pulse for IC 4017. An Astable circuit produces a 'square waves' , this is digital waveform with sharp transition between (0v) and high (+vs). this circuit is not stable at any state. the output continue to changing from low to high

2.0 LDR DESCRIPTION 

LDR is Light Dependant Resistor. Output is in resistance. Two Cadmium Sulphide photoconductive cell with spectral response similar to that of the human eye.

3.0 PROJECT FLOWCHART

In this project, comparator is used to read data from the LDR (sensor) and control the either only LED1 or both LEDS will be switch on. Where in the real thing, the LED1 is assumed as car light system while LED2 is assumed as car’s high beam. Figure shows how the system work