WEEK 10

with

BISMILLAHHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM

INTRODUCTION

This is nearly to final step. Where i tried to test first the circuit as in simulation before install it as permanent in the  real bord. To do so, i used breadbord and testing with 12V battery. In this method i also checked the current and voltage flow inside circuit by using multimeter. The purpose is known the power loss due the current flow, as the power is 

P= IV

P=I^2R

P=V^2/R

CONSTRUCTION THE CIRCUIT ON BREADBOARD

  In this week,  I constructed the circuit on the breadboard that we get at magazine. Then put the component on the breadboard. After that, we test this circuit to see the our project is functioning or not.

overall circuit

at side of the circuit

trouble shoot and measure the circuit using multimeter

circuit testing result using 12 v battery green  indicator is used

circuit testing using breadboard

WEEK 9

with

BISMILLAHHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM

INTRODUCTION

after i done with the simulation and have the results for my project is. I ready to buy the components to make my project come true. the components were bought at jalan pasar,Pudu.

PURCHASE COMPONENTS

Some of the procedure i had did in Jalan Pasar i show bellow. Its start from the components list first

Component list

Buying the components 1

Buying the component 2

Purchasing 9v Battery

The connector

i just put some of the picture in here because the no need to show all of that as i bought as following the list

WEEK 8

with 

BISMILLAHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM

INTRODUCTION

As the theory and practical is combined, i did a simulation on every circuit part and combined it by using Proteus software. But in certain part of the circuit, the simulation cannot function well as it was due like monostable operation and astable operation. This maybe in simulation, the input need to be prisely correct to 2/3 of Vcc to make those circuit operate well. But in practical those circuit working well.

SIMULATION

Proteus v7.6 is a window base is more practical to use to simulate the circuit as its has LDR component inside it. But for taking the measure of either voltage or current the best software is Multisim 2001.
By means, i used two software for this project to be success. Multism to measure the voltage and current while Proteus for circuit operation.

in multisim, only a part by part can do in simulation as its cannot handle larger area of the circuit  (combination circuit)

not every characteristic (by refer tp previous week) can be made in simulation. in this case Schemitt Trigger cannot be done as in simulation, as the current flow is fast (there no error of equipment in simulation)

Whole operation of project using Proteus 7.6

click here to view simulation of whole program

voltage divider in order to use in comparator by using multisim 2001

astable by using multisim 2001

monostable measurement by using multisim 2001

comparator by using multisim 2001

WEEK 7

with 

BISMILLAHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM

INTRODUCTION

In this week, i am analyzing the characteristic from previous week, where in here, i am doing some practical observation and calculation. All the characteristic's behavior with the theory i had referred to my supervisor to ask her explanation. Aided by her, i gain the details all about my circuit work. All the note i add in my log book/ note. Some  pictures of the result i put here to show how i am taking the result.

 THE ANALYSE

In this analyse, the calculation, observation and practical had been made. But not all of the circuit i can made in practical as my equipment are limitation.

COMPARATOR

Below the diagram of the output waveform and the circuit of comparator

The Vol and Voh is taken from data sheet. the data sheet is too large to put in this site
Vref is the Voltage referance where it need to constant in voltage divider while Vin is the Voltage input come from Voltage divider from LDR.
To increase the sensitive value of the circuit, at Vref i put the variable resistor which it can be change the value of  voltage divider.

calculation in log book

MONOSTABLE

Below the diagram of the output waveform and the circuit of monostable

The duration of the pulse is called the time period (T) and this is determined by resistor R1 and capacitor C1

time period , T = 1.1xR1xC1

The maximum reliable time period is about 10 minutes as the capacitor charge to 63% so it bit longer than time sonstant (R1xC1) which time taken charge to 63%

choose C1 first (there are relatively few values available)
choose R1 to give the time period i needed. R1 should be in range 1k ohm to 1M ohm, so the fixed  resistor can of at least 1k ohm in series if R1 is variables
 electrolytic capacitor values are not accurate, errors of at least 20% are common
electrolytic capacitors leak charge which substantially increase the time period if im using high value resistor

ASTABLE

Below the diagram of the output waveform and the circuit of astable

The time period (T) of the square wave is the time for one complete circuit cycle, but usually better to consider frequency (f) which the number of the cycle per second.

for the timer

T= 0.7 x(R1 +2R2) xC1

for the frequency

f= 1.4/ ((R1 +2R2)xC1)

the times periods can be split into two parts T = Tm + Ts

Tm = mark time (output high)

Ts = space time (output low)

choosing  R1, R2 and C1

R1 and R2 should be in the range 1k ohm and 1M ohm. its the best choose C1 first because capacitors are available in just a few values

choose C1 to suit the frequency range i require (by refer the table below)

choose R2 to give frequency (f) i require. Assume that R1 is much smaller than R2 (so that Tm and Ts are almost equal), the use the formula to calculate it

R2 =0.7/fC1

LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENCE RESISTANCE)

Electrical characteristic (table below)

Here the result from my own experiment of LDR by using 12V battery

SCHEMITT TRIGGER

the Schemitt trigger only use a couple transistor as a switch. but in this project i just try two transistor only

WEEK 6

with 

BISMILLAHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM

INTRODUCTION

In this weeks, im doing some study about the circuit of the project and understand as well. By this, i will more understand about how the circuit work. This is methods is needed the knowledge what had i already study from semester 1 till now; from the basic of principles of the components to the components give an effect to the circuit (combination of the circuit).

UNDERSTAND THE MAIN CHARACTERISTIC

In this circuit, there were four of the main characteristic and one the main component

• Comparator
• Monostable
• Schmitt Trigger
• Astable
• LDR (component)

1.0 FOR MAIN CHARACTERISTIC DESCRIPTION 

1.1 Comparator

Use LDR resistance and 4k7 ohm as voltage divider for Tripping voltage (at negative)

For the Reference voltage(at positive), it used a permanent resistor (not adjustable)

V1 > V2, Vo=1

V1< V2,  Vo=0

1.2 Monostable 

Monostable is giving a stable state for a certain time only.

It receive input from comparator at leg 6 for IC 7556.

Monostable circuit is function to avoid the light system is off for a moment when a sudden light coming

1.3 Schemitt Trigger

Circuit has fast change over one state to others state.

In this project we used  1 transistor to produce  this effect. And the second one is an emitter follower.

The circuit will drive to turn on the light

1.4 Astable 

Act as clock pulse for IC 4017. An Astable circuit produces a 'square waves' , this is digital waveform with sharp transition between (0v) and high (+vs). this circuit is not stable at any state. the output continue to changing from low to high

2.0 LDR DESCRIPTION 

LDR is Light Dependant Resistor. Output is in resistance. Two Cadmium Sulphide photoconductive cell with spectral response similar to that of the human eye.

3.0 PROJECT FLOWCHART

In this project, comparator is used to read data from the LDR (sensor) and control the either only LED1 or both LEDS will be switch on. Where in the real thing, the LED1 is assumed as car light system while LED2 is assumed as car’s high beam. Figure shows how the system work

WEEK 5

with

BISMILLAHIRRAHMANNIRRAHIM

INTRODUCTION

Being engineering for the future, he or she should understand what is the main purpose of the project was build for and its related to the current situations. Thus, the project and knowledge is not a waste after it done and ready to apply or sold. 

As my supervisor advised to me to look and search about the current of car light technologies and the effect of its.

RESEARCH & STUDY THE SITUATION

1.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Traffic accidents in Malaysia have been increasing at the average rate of 9.7% per annum over the last three (3) decades (Figure 1). Compared to the earlier days, total number of road accidents had increased from 24,581 cases in 1974 to 328,264 cases in 2005, reaching more than 135% increase of accident cases over 30 years. The number of fatalities (death within 30 days after accident) also increased but at slower rate compared to total road accident from 2,303 in 1974 to 6,200 in 2005. However the upward trend of fatalities dropped in 1997 after Malaysia Government established a 5-year national road safety target to reduce road accident deaths by 30% by the year 2000. 

2.0 SURVEY

The survey is about to know the current situation in car technologies in Malaysia. The location survey is around Selayang, Selangor at buyong wokshop. the survey was taken about 10 minutes to complete the questioner

2.1 SURVEY RESULT

The most popular car’ brand in workshop for major and minor repair cause of accident per month in table 1

And what is the purpose of survey is taken for this project?

Because of the technologies inside those car are not same., such the engine system, hydraulic system and light system. and the light system will be focus on.

3.0 EXAMPLE OF LIGHT NEEDED ALERT

This is the example of car sensor system from Gentex company (Automotive product) for controlling car beam

camera sensor at back mirror

the operation of beam controller from Gentex company

when facing others car at front side

camera is detect light intensity

opposite car was passing by

high beam is maintain when no car is coming forward